| SAG Strain Number: | 1224-5/25 |
| TAXONOMY |
| Genus: | Euglena |
| Species: | gracilis |
| Taxonomic position: | Euglenophyta - Euglenophyceae |
| Authority: | Klebs |
| Variety: | |
| Formerly called: | |
| Authentic: | no |
| Division: | Euglenophyta |
| Class: | Euglenophyceae |
| ORIGIN |
| General habitat: | freshwater |
| Climatic zone: | |
| Continent: | |
| Country: | |
| Locality: | |
| Lat. / Long. (Precision): | |
| Year: | 1950 |
| Isolated by: | Pringsheim E.G. (leg. H. de Saedeleer, Belgium) |
| Strain number by isolator: | strain Z |
| Deposition by: | E.G. Pringsheim |
| Deposition date: | 1954 |
| CULTURE INFORMATION |
| Culture medium: | +V Ag |
| Axenic: | axenity status under review. SAG 02/2025 |
| Strain relatives: | strain Z of E.G. Pringsheim; CCAP 1224/5Z; UTEX 753; ATCC 12894; UTCC 95 |
| Agitation resistance: | yes |
| Special properties: | NO known Nagoya Protocol restrictions for this strain; used for bioassay of vitamin B12; recommended for schools |
| |
| PUBLICATIONS |
| Publication: | Miranda-Astudillo H. et al. (2026) A unique light-harvesting complex protein family, LHCE, is involved in far-red absorption by photosystems I and II in Euglena gracilis. J. Exp. Bot. 77 (2):559-577 |
| Publication: | Richter, P.R. et al. (2026) Acceleration and Light-Induced Changes in Cytosolic cAMP Concentration in Euglena gracilis. Biomolecules 16:451 |
| Publication: | Feller Tom (2025) Living Under Far-red light: Adaptation Of Photosynthetic Machinery Of Stanieria cyanosphaera, Vitrella brassicaformis, And Euglena gracilis. |
| Publication: | Inwongwan S. et al. (2025) Ethanol-driven mixotrophic cultivation enhances biomass production and CO2 capture in Euglena gracilis for sustainable bioresource utilisation. Algal Res. 90:104148 |
| Publication: | Gumińska N. et al. (2024) Circular extrachromosomal DNA in Euglena gracilis under normal and stress conditions. Protist 175 (3):126033 |
| Publication: | Krüger, J. et al. (2024) Changes in Gravitaxis and Gene-Expression in an Euglena gracilis Culture over Time. Biomolecules 14:327 |
| Publication: | Gain G. et al. (2023) Induction of photosynthesis under anoxic condition in Thalassiosira pseudonana and Euglena gracilis: interactions between fermentation and photosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1186926 |
| Publication: | Nasir, A. et al. (2022) Molecular Cross-Talk between Gravity- and Light-Sensing Mechanisms in Euglena gracilis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23:2776 |
| Publication: | Becker, I. et al. (2021) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Nuclear Transformation of a Biotechnologically Important Microalga—Euglena gracilis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:6299 |
| Publication: | Cordoba J. et al. (2021) De Novo Transcriptome Meta-Assembly of the Mixotrophic Freshwater Microalga Euglena gracilis. Genes 12 (6):842 |
| Publication: | Gain G. et al. (2021) Trophic state alters the mechanism whereby energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration occurs in Euglena gracilis. New Phytol. 232:1603-1617 |
| Publication: | Miranda-Astudillo H.V. et al. (2021) Supramolecular associations between atypical oxidative phosphorylation complexes of Euglena gracilis. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 53:351-363 |
| Publication: | Krespach M.K.C. et al. (2020) Lichen-like association of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans protects algal cells from bacteria. ISME J (14):2794-2805 |
| Publication: | Ebenezer T.E. et al. (2019) Transcriptome, proteome and draft genome of Euglena gracilis. BMC Biol. 17:11 |
| Publication: | Krüger, J. et al. (2019) Changes of Gene Expression in Euglena gracilis Obtained During the 29th DLR Parabolic Flight Campaign. Sci. Rep. 9:14260 |
| Publication: | Miranda-Astudillo H.V. et al. (2018) The atypical subunit composition of respiratory complexes I and IV is associated with original extra structural domains in Euglena gracilis. Sci. Rep. 8:9698 |
| Publication: | Strauch S.M. et al. (2018) Restart capability of resting-states of Euglena gracilis after 9 months of dormancy: preparation for autonomous space flight experiments. Int. J. Astrobiol. 17 (2):101-111 |
| Publication: | Aiyar P. et al. (2017) Antagonistic bacteria disrupt calcium homeostasis and immobilize algal cells. Nat. Commun. 8 (1):1756 |
| Publication: | Dominik Cholewa (2017) Ein Bioraffineriekonzept mit Euglena gracilis. PhD Thesis. eDiss Link: https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2908500. |
| Publication: | Lakey, B. et al. (2017) The tetrapyrrole synthesis pathway as a model of horizontal gene transfer in euglenoids. J Phycol 53 (1):198–217 |
| Publication: | Li X. et al. (2017) Operation of an enclosed aquatic ecosystem in the Shenzhou-8 mission. Acta Astronautica 134:17-22 |
| Publication: | Stoltze J. et al. (2017) Euglena gracilis as a promising eukaryotic model system for fast detection of high pressure induced cell destruction. Environ. Exp. Botany 133:50-57 |
| Publication: | Yadav K.N.S et al. (2017) Atypical composition and structure of the mitochondrial dimeric ATP synthase from Euglena gracilis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1858 (4):267-275 |
| Publication: | Strauch S.M. et al. (2016) Delayed fluorescence, steady state fluorescence, photosystem II quantum yield as endpoints for toxicity evaluation of Cu2+ and Ag+. Environ. Exp. Botany 130:174-180 |
| Publication: | Grimm P. et al. (2015) Applicability of Euglena gracilis for biorefineries demonstrated by theproduction of alpha-tocopherol and paramylon followed by anaerobicdigestion. Journal of Biotechnology 215:72-79 |
| Publication: | Kim,J.I. et al. (2015) Taxon-rich multigene phylogeny of photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenophyceae). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3 |
| Publication: | Richter P.R. et al. (2015) Amino acids as possible alternative nitrogen source for growth of Euglena gracilis Z in life support systems. Life Sci. Space Res. 4:1-5 |
| Publication: | Schwarzhans J.-P. et al. (2015) Dependency of the fatty acid composition ofEuglena gracilison growth phase and culture conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 27:1389-1399 |
| Publication: | Milanowski R. et al. (2014) Distribution of Conventional and Nonconventional Introns in Tubulin (alpha and beta) Genes of Euglenids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 31 (3):584-593 |
| Publication: | Nasir, A. et al. (2014) The influence of microgravity on Euglena gracilis as studied on Shenzhou 8. Plant Biol. J. 16:113-119 |
| Publication: | Perez E. et al. (2014) The mitochondrial respiratory chain of the secondary green alga Euglena gracilis shares many additional subunits with parasitic Trypanosomatidae. Mitochondrion 19 (B):338-349 |
| Publication: | Richter P.R. et al. (2014) Influence of Different Light-Dark Cycles on Motility and Photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis in Closed Bioreactors. Astrobiol. 14 (10):848-858 |
| Publication: | Azizullah A. et al. (2011) Evaluation of the adverse effects of two commonly used fertilizers, DAP and urea, on motility and orientation of the green flagellate Euglena gracilis. Environ. Exp. Botany 74:140-150 |
| Publication: | Daiker, V. et al. (2011) The involvement of a protein kinase in phototaxis and gravitaxis of Euglena gracilis. Planta 233:1055-1062 |
| Publication: | Daiker, V. et al. (2010) Molecular characterization of a calmodulin involved in the signal transduction chain of gravitaxis in Euglena gracilis. Planta 231:1229-1236 |
| Publication: | Häder, D.-P. et al. (2010) Investigation of Gravitaxis and Phototaxis in Euglena gracilis. In: Sinha R.P. et al. [Eds.] Advances in Life Sciences |
| Publication: | Kim J.I. et al. (2010) Multigene Analyses of Photosynthetic Euglenoids and New Family, Phacaceae (Euglenales). J. Phycol. 46 (6):1278–1287 |
| Publication: | Strauch S.M. et al. (2010) The beating pattern of the flagellum of Euglena gracilis under altered gravity during parabolic flights. J. Plant. Physiol. 167 (1):41-46 |
| Publication: | Tucci, S. et al. (2010) Variability of wax ester fermentation in natural and bleached Euglena gracilis Strains in response to oxygen and the elongase inhibitor flufenacet. J Eukaryot Microbiol 57 (1):63-9 |
| Publication: | Häder D.-P. et al. (2009) Molecular analysis of the graviperception signal transduction in the flagellate Euglena gracilis: Involvement of a transient receptor potential-like channel and a calmodulin. Adv. Space Res. 43 (8):1179-1184 |
| Publication: | Sara Tucci (2008) Wax ester fermentation and fatty acid biosynthesis in the facultatively anaerobic flagellate Euglena gracilis. PhD |
| Publication: | Schouten, Stefan et al. (2008) Evidence for substantial intramolecular heterogeneity in the stable carbon isotopic composition of phytol in photoautotrophic organisms. Organic Geochemistry 39 (1):135-146 |
| Publication: | Müller, J. et al. (2007) Assessing genetic stability of a range of terrestrial microalgae after cryopreservation using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Am. J. Bot. 94 (5):799-808 |
| Publication: | Richter P. et al. (2007) PAR and UV Effects on Vertical Migration and Photosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Photochem. Photobiol. 83:818-823 |
| Publication: | Richter, P.R. et al. (2007) Gravitaxis of Euglena gracilis depends only partially on passive buoyancy. Adv. Space Res. 39 (7):1218-1224 |
| Publication: | Häder, D.-P. et al. (2006) Aquacells - Flagellates under long-term microgravity and potential usage for life support systems. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 18:210-214 |
| Publication: | Richter, P. et al. (2006) Indications for acceleration-dependent changes of membrane potential in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. Protoplasma 229:101-108 |
| Publication: | Häder D.-P. et al. (2005) Gravitational sensory transduction chain in flagellates. Adv. Space Res. 36 (7):1182-1188 |
| Publication: | Nowack E.C.M. et al. (2005) The 96-Well Twin-Layer System: A Novel Approach in the Cultivation of Microalgae. Protist 165 (2):239-251 |
| Publication: | Ryll, Joachim (2005) Fermentative Gewinnung von Paramylon aus Euglena gracilis auf Nebenprodukten der Stärkeindustrie in einer Pilotanlage. |
| Publication: | Felski, Michael (2004) Fermentative Gewinnung von Paramylon durch Euglena gracilis in konditioniertem Kartoffelfruchtwasser. |
| Publication: | Marin, B. et al. (2003) Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing Euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparisons and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure. Protist 154 (1):99-145 |
| Publication: | Richter P. et al. (2003) Effects of increased salinity on gravitaxis in Euglena gracilis. J. Plant. Physiol. 160 (6):651-656 |
| Publication: | Richter, P. et al. (2003) High light-induced sign change of gravitaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Acta Protozoologica 42 (3):197-204 |
| Publication: | Richter P. et al. (2002) High light exposure leads to a sign change of gravitaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. Acta Protozoologica 41 (4):343-351 |
| Publication: | Richter P.R. et al. (2002) Physiological parameters of gravitaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis obtained during a parabolic flight campaign. J. Plant. Physiol. 159 (2):181-190 |
| Publication: | Streb C. et al. (2002) Sensory transduction of gravitaxis in Euglena gracilis. J. Plant. Physiol. 159 (8):855-862 |
| Publication: | Richter, P. et al. (2001) Possible involvement of the membrane potential in the gravitactic orientation of Euglena gracilis. J. Plant. Physiol. 158:35-39 |
| Publication: | Lebert M. et al. (1999) Negative gravitactic behavior of Euglena gracilis can not be described by the mechanism of buoyancy-oriented upward swimming. Advances in Space Research 24 (6):851-860 |
| Publication: | Tahedl H. et al. (1998) cAMP is involved in gravitaxis signal transduction of Euglena gracilis. Microgravity Sc. Technol. 11 (4):173-178 |
| Publication: | Henze K et al. (1995) A nuclear gene of eubacterial origin in Euglena gracilis reflects cryptic endosymbioses during protist evolution. PNAS 92 (20):9122-9126 |
| Publication: | Häder D.-P. et al. (1988) Inhibition of motility and phototaxis in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, by UV-B radiation. Arch. Microbiol. 150 (1):20-25 |
| Publication: | Häder D.-P. (1987) Polarotaxis, gravitaxis and vertical phototaxis in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis. Arch. Microbiol. 147 (2):179-183 |
| Publication: | Cook J.R. (1982) ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATION OF EUGLENA CHLOROPLASTS. III. EFFECT OF CULTURE AGE. Environmental and Experimental Botany 22 (2):175-179 |
| Publication: | Häder D.-P. et al. (1981) Phototaxis in the flagellates, Euglena gracilis and Ochromonas danica. Arch. Mikrobiol. 130 (1):78-82 |
| Publication: | Kivic, P.A. et al. (1974) Pinocytotic uptake of protein from the reservoir inEuglena. Arch. Microbiol. 96 (1):155-159 |
| Publication: | Koch W. (1973) Die algizide Wirkung chemischer Substanzen. Nachrichtenblatt Deutsch. Pflanzenschutzdienst 25:37-40 |
| Publication: | Pohl P. et al. (1972) Control of Fatty Acid and Lipid Biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis by Ammonia, Light and DCMU. Z. Naturforschung B 27 (b):53-61 |
| Publication: | Ohmann E. (1969) Die Regulation der Pyruvat-Kinase in Euglena gracilis . Arch. Mikrobiol. 67 (3):273-292 |
| Publication: | Gross J.A. et al.
(1960) Two c-Type Cytochromes from Light- and Dark-Grown Euglena. Science 132 (3423):357-358 |
| Publication: | Pringsheim E.G. et al. (1952) Experimental Elimination of Chromatophores and Eyespot in Euglena gracilis. New Phytologist 51 (1):65–76 |
| show more publications ... |
| SEQUENCE INFORMATION |
| Sequencing Project: | PRJEB27422 The Euglena Genome Project |
| Sequencing Project: | PRJEB67978 Characteristics of circular extrachromosomal DNA in euglenids |
| Sequence Accession: | MW646436 Euglena gracilis strain SAG1224-5/25-sq1 large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; chloroplast. (406 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | L21904 Euglena gracilis culture-collection SAG:1224-5/25 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapA) mRNA, complete cds. (1487 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | L21903 Euglena gracilis culture-collection SAG:1224-5/25 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapC) mRNA, complete cds. (1142 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | L39772 Euglena gracilis culture-collection SAG:1224-5/25 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapC) gene, complete cds. (4228 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AY741582 Euglena gracilis strain SAG1224-5/25 trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase mRNA, complete cds. (1912 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500791 Euglena gracilis plastid uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase isoform 3 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (720 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500760 Euglena gracilis plastid uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase isoform 1 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1344 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500718 Euglena gracilis plastid coproporphyrinogen oxidase isoform 4 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1179 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500717 Euglena gracilis plastid coproporphyrinogen oxidase isoform 3 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1380 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500692 Euglena gracilis plastid coproporphyrinogen oxidase isoform 2 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1155 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500691 Euglena gracilis plastid coproporphyrinogen oxidase isoform 1 mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1137 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500666 Euglena gracilis plastid protoporphyrinogen oxidase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (444 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU500651 Euglena gracilis mitochondrial protoporphyrinogen oxidase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for mitochondrial product. (444 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375875 Euglena gracilis plastid uroporphyrinogen synthase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (450 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375859 Euglena gracilis plastid porphobilinogen synthase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1257 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375829 Euglena gracilis plastid porphobilinogen deaminase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1413 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375821 Euglena gracilis cytosolic porphobilinogen deaminase mRNA, partial cds. (363 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375800 Euglena gracilis plastid glutamyl tRNA reductase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1848 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU375783 Euglena gracilis plastid glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminotransferase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1656 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU355529 Euglena gracilis cytosolic glutamyl tRNA synthetase mRNA, partial cds. (1635 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KU355501 Euglena gracilis plastid glutamyl tRNA synthetase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1839 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925702 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast enolase precursor (eno29) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (163 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925703 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast ferredoxin precursor (petF) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (413 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925704 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase precursor (gapA) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (320 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925705 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast porphobilinogen deaminase precursor (pbgD) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (430 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925706 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast cytochrome f precursor (petA) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (230 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925707 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast cytochrome c6 precursor (petJ) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (260 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925708 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast photosystem I subunit F precursor (psaF) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (350 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925709 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast photosystem II protein M precursor (psbM) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (420 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925710 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 precursor (psbO) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (629 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | GQ925711 Euglena gracilis strain SAG 1224-5/25 chloroplast photosystem II reaction center W precursor (psbW) gene, partial cds; nuclear gene for chloroplast product. (644 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KT591621 Euglena gracilis culture-collection SAG:1224525 plastid phosphoribulokinase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1098 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | KT588873 Euglena gracilis culture-collection SAG:1224525 plastid glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA, partial cds; nuclear gene for plastid product. (1380 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ272111 Euglena gracilis mRNA for enolase (eno02 gene). (1501 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ272112 Euglena gracilis partial mRNA for chloroplast enolase (eno29 gene). (1613 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ532426 Euglena gracilis partial 18S rRNA gene, strain SAG 1224-5/25. (2229 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ620503 Euglena gracilis mRNA for ribonucleotide reductase (rnr gene). (2458 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ620470 Euglena gracilis mRNA for dihydrolipoyl transacetylase. (1834 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ278425 Euglena gracilis mRNA for pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (pno gene). (5812 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ620471 Euglena gracilis mRNA for dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (lpd gene). (1811 bp) |
| Sequence Accession: | AJ620469 Euglena gracilis mRNA for pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit (pdh gene). (1586 bp) |
| show more sequences ... |
| CRYO |
| Cryopreservation: | not detected |
| TEACHING |
| Recommended for teaching: | yes |
